MySQL — SQLAlchemy 0.7.1 Documentation

# SQLAlchemy 0.7.1 Documentation

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Version: 0.7.1 Last Updated: 06/05/2011 13:13:59

# MySQL

Support for the MySQL database.

## Supported Versions and Features

SQLAlchemy supports 6 major MySQL versions: 3.23, 4.0, 4.1, 5.0, 5.1 and 6.0, with capabilities increasing with more modern servers.

Versions 4.1 and higher support the basic SQL functionality that SQLAlchemy uses in the ORM and SQL expressions. These versions pass the applicable tests in the suite 100%. No heroic measures are taken to work around major missing SQL features- if your server version does not support sub-selects, for example, they won’t work in SQLAlchemy either.

Most available DBAPI drivers are supported; see below.

Feature | Minimum Version
--- | ---
sqlalchemy.orm | 4.1.1
Table Reflection | 3.23.x
DDL Generation | 4.1.1
utf8/Full Unicode Connections | 4.1.1
Transactions | 3.23.15
Two-Phase Transactions | 5.0.3
Nested Transactions | 5.0.3

See the official MySQL documentation for detailed information about features supported in any given server release.

## Connecting

See the API documentation on individual drivers for details on connecting.

## Connection Timeouts

MySQL features an automatic connection close behavior, for connections that have been idle for eight hours or more. To circumvent having this issue, use the `pool_recycle` option which controls the maximum age of any connection:

    engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://...', pool_recycle=3600)

## Storage Engines

Most MySQL server installations have a default table type of `MyISAM`, a non-transactional table type. During a transaction, non-transactional storage engines do not participate and continue to store table changes in autocommit mode. For fully atomic transactions, all participating tables must use a transactional engine such as `InnoDB`, `Falcon`, `SolidDB`, PBXT, etc.

Storage engines can be elected when creating tables in SQLAlchemy by supplying a `mysql_engine='whatever'` to the `Table` constructor. Any MySQL table creation option can be specified in this syntax:

    Table('mytable', metadata,
          Column('data', String(32)),
          mysql_engine='InnoDB',
          mysql_charset='utf8'
         )

## Case Sensitivity and Table Reflection

MySQL has inconsistent support for case-sensitive identifier names, basing support on specific details of the underlying operating system. However, it has been observed that no matter what case sensitivity behavior is present, the names of tables in foreign key declarations are always received from the database as all-lower case, making it impossible to accurately reflect a schema where inter-related tables use mixed-case identifier names.

Therefore it is strongly advised that table names be declared as all lower case both within SQLAlchemy as well as on the MySQL database itself, especially if database reflection features are to be used.

## Keys

Not all MySQL storage engines support foreign keys. For `MyISAM` and similar engines, the information loaded by table reflection will not include foreign keys. For these tables, you may supply a `ForeignKeyConstraint` at reflection time:

    Table('mytable', metadata,
          ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id']),
          autoload=True
         )

When creating tables, SQLAlchemy will automatically set `AUTO_INCREMENT` on an integer primary key column:

    >>> t = Table('mytable', metadata,
    ...   Column('mytable_id', Integer, primary_key=True)
    ... )
    >>> t.create()
    CREATE TABLE mytable (
            id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
            PRIMARY KEY (id)
    )

You can disable this behavior by supplying `autoincrement=False` to the `Column`. This flag can also be used to enable auto-increment on a secondary column in a multi-column key for some storage engines:

    Table('mytable', metadata,
          Column('gid', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
          Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
         )

## SQL Mode

MySQL SQL modes are supported. Modes that enable `ANSI_QUOTES` (such as `ANSI`) require an engine option to modify SQLAlchemy’s quoting style. When using an ANSI-quoting mode, supply `use_ansiquotes=True` when creating your `Engine`:

    create_engine('mysql://localhost/test', use_ansiquotes=True)

This is an engine-wide option and is not toggleable on a per-connection basis. SQLAlchemy does not presume to `SET sql_mode` for you with this option. For the best performance, set the quoting style server-wide in `my.cnf` or by supplying `--sql-mode` to `mysqld`. You can also use a `sqlalchemy.pool.Pool` listener hook to issue a `SET SESSION sql_mode='...'` on connect to configure each connection.

If you do not specify `use_ansiquotes`, the regular MySQL quoting style is used by default.

If you do issue a `SET sql_mode` through SQLAlchemy, the dialect must be updated if the quoting style is changed. Again, this change will affect all connections:

    connection.execute('SET sql_mode="ansi"')
    connection.dialect.use_ansiquotes = True

## MySQL SQL Extensions

Many of the MySQL SQL extensions are handled through SQLAlchemy’s generic function and operator support:

    table.select(table.c.password==func.md5('plaintext'))
    table.select(table.c.username.op('regexp')('^[a-d]'))

And of course any valid MySQL statement can be executed as a string as well.

Some limited direct support for MySQL extensions to SQL is currently available.

- SELECT pragma:

      select(..., prefixes=['HIGH_PRIORITY', 'SQL_SMALL_RESULT'])

- UPDATE with LIMIT:

      update(..., mysql_limit=10)

## MySQL Data Types

As with all SQLAlchemy dialects, all UPPERCASE types that are known to be valid with MySQL are importable from the top level dialect:

    from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import \
            BIGINT, BINARY, BIT, BLOB, BOOLEAN, CHAR, DATE, \
            DATETIME, DECIMAL, DECIMAL, DOUBLE, ENUM, FLOAT, INTEGER, \
            LONGBLOB, LONGTEXT, MEDIUMBLOB, MEDIUMINT, MEDIUMTEXT, NCHAR, \
            NUMERIC, NVARCHAR, REAL, SET, SMALLINT, TEXT, TIME, TIMESTAMP, \
            TINYBLOB, TINYINT, TINYTEXT, VARBINARY, VARCHAR, YEAR

Types which are specific to MySQL, or have MySQL-specific construction arguments, are as follows:

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `BIGINT`(display_width=None, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._IntegerType`, `sqlalchemy.types.BIGINT`

  MySQL BIGINTEGER type.

  `__init__`(display_width=None, **kw)

    Construct a BIGINTEGER.

    Parameters: | display_width – Optional, maximum display width for this number. unsigned – a boolean, optional. zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `BINARY`(length=None)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types._Binary`

  The SQL BINARY type.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `BIT`(length=None)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`

  MySQL BIT type.

  This type is for MySQL 5.0.3 or greater for MyISAM, and 5.0.5 or greater for MyISAM, MEMORY, InnoDB and BDB. For older versions, use a MSTinyInteger() type.

  `__init__`(length=None)

    Construct a BIT.

    Parameters: | length – Optional, number of bits.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `BLOB`(length=None)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types.LargeBinary`

  The SQL BLOB type.

  `__init__`(length=None)

    Construct a LargeBinary type.

    Parameters: | length – optional, a length for the column for use in DDL statements, for those BLOB types that accept a length (i.e. MySQL). It does not produce a small BINARY/VARBINARY type - use the BINARY/VARBINARY types specifically for those. May be safely omitted if no `CREATE TABLE` will be issued. Certain databases may require a length for use in DDL, and will raise an exception when the `CREATE TABLE` DDL is issued.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `BOOLEAN`(create_constraint=True, name=None)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types.Boolean`

  The SQL BOOLEAN type.

  `__init__`(create_constraint=True, name=None)

    Construct a Boolean.

    Parameters: | create_constraint – defaults to True. If the boolean is generated as an int/smallint, also create a CHECK constraint on the table that ensures 1 or 0 as a value. name – if a CHECK constraint is generated, specify the name of the constraint.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `CHAR`(length=None, **kwargs)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._StringType`, `sqlalchemy.types.CHAR`

  MySQL CHAR type, for fixed-length character data.

  `__init__`(length=None, **kwargs)

    Construct a CHAR.

    Parameters: | length – Maximum data length, in characters. binary – Optional, use the default binary collation for the national character set. This does not affect the type of data stored, use a BINARY type for binary data. collation – Optional, request a particular collation. Must be compatible with the national character set.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `DATE`(*args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types.Date`

  The SQL DATE type.

  `__init__`(*args, **kwargs)

    Support implementations that were passing arguments

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `DATETIME`(timezone=False)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types.DateTime`

  The SQL DATETIME type.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `DECIMAL`(precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._NumericType`, `sqlalchemy.types.DECIMAL`

  MySQL DECIMAL type.

  `__init__`(precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw)

    Construct a DECIMAL.

    Parameters: | precision – Total digits in this number. If scale and precision are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server. scale – The number of digits after the decimal point. unsigned – a boolean, optional. zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `DOUBLE`(precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._FloatType`

  MySQL DOUBLE type.

  `__init__`(precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw)

    Construct a DOUBLE.

    Parameters: | precision – Total digits in this number. If scale and precision are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server. scale – The number of digits after the decimal point. unsigned – a boolean, optional. zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `ENUM`(*enums, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types.Enum`, `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._StringType`

  MySQL ENUM type.

  `__init__`(*enums, **kw)

    Construct an ENUM.

    Example:

    > Column(‘myenum’, MSEnum(“foo”, “bar”, “baz”))

    Parameters: | enums – The range of valid values for this ENUM. Values will be quoted when generating the schema according to the quoting flag (see below). strict – Defaults to False: ensure that a given value is in this ENUM’s range of permissible values when inserting or updating rows. Note that MySQL will not raise a fatal error if you attempt to store an out of range value- an alternate value will be stored instead. (See MySQL ENUM documentation.) charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand. collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand. ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema. unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema. binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data. quoting – Defaults to ‘auto’: automatically determine enum value quoting. If all enum values are surrounded by the same quoting character, then use ‘quoted’ mode. Otherwise, use ‘unquoted’ mode. ‘quoted’: values in enums are already quoted, they will be used directly when generating the schema - this usage is deprecated. ‘unquoted’: values in enums are not quoted, they will be escaped and surrounded by single quotes when generating the schema. Previous versions of this type always required manually quoted values to be supplied; future versions will always quote the string literals for you. This is a transitional option.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `FLOAT`(precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=False, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._FloatType`, `sqlalchemy.types.FLOAT`

  MySQL FLOAT type.

  `__init__`(precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=False, **kw)

    Construct a FLOAT.

    Parameters: | precision – Total digits in this number. If scale and precision are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server. scale – The number of digits after the decimal point. unsigned – a boolean, optional. zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `INTEGER`(display_width=None, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._IntegerType`, `sqlalchemy.types.INTEGER`

  MySQL INTEGER type.

  `__init__`(display_width=None, **kw)

    Construct an INTEGER.

    Parameters: | display_width – Optional, maximum display width for this number. unsigned – a boolean, optional. zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `LONGBLOB`(length=None)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types._Binary`

  MySQL LONGBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^32 bytes.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `LONGTEXT`(**kwargs)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._StringType`

  MySQL LONGTEXT type, for text up to 2^32 characters.

  `__init__`(**kwargs)

    Construct a LONGTEXT.

    Parameters: | charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand. collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand. ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema. unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema. national – Optional. If true, use the server’s configured national character set. binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `MEDIUMBLOB`(length=None)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types._Binary`

  MySQL MEDIUMBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^24 bytes.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `MEDIUMINT`(display_width=None, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._IntegerType`

  MySQL MEDIUMINTEGER type.

  `__init__`(display_width=None, **kw)

    Construct a MEDIUMINTEGER

    Parameters: | display_width – Optional, maximum display width for this number. unsigned – a boolean, optional. zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `MEDIUMTEXT`(**kwargs)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._StringType`

  MySQL MEDIUMTEXT type, for text up to 2^24 characters.

  `__init__`(**kwargs)

    Construct a MEDIUMTEXT.

    Parameters: | charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand. collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand. ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema. unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema. national – Optional. If true, use the server’s configured national character set. binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `NCHAR`(length=None, **kwargs)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._StringType`, `sqlalchemy.types.NCHAR`

  MySQL NCHAR type.

  For fixed-length character data in the server’s configured national character set.

  `__init__`(length=None, **kwargs)

    Construct an NCHAR.

    Parameters: | length – Maximum data length, in characters. binary – Optional, use the default binary collation for the national character set. This does not affect the type of data stored, use a BINARY type for binary data. collation – Optional, request a particular collation. Must be compatible with the national character set.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `NUMERIC`(precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._NumericType`, `sqlalchemy.types.NUMERIC`

  MySQL NUMERIC type.

  `__init__`(precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw)

    Construct a NUMERIC.

    Parameters: | precision – Total digits in this number. If scale and precision are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server. scale – The number of digits after the decimal point. unsigned – a boolean, optional. zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `NVARCHAR`(length=None, **kwargs)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._StringType`, `sqlalchemy.types.NVARCHAR`

  MySQL NVARCHAR type.

  For variable-length character data in the server’s configured national character set.

  `__init__`(length=None, **kwargs)

    Construct an NVARCHAR.

    Parameters: | length – Maximum data length, in characters. binary – Optional, use the default binary collation for the national character set. This does not affect the type of data stored, use a BINARY type for binary data. collation – Optional, request a particular collation. Must be compatible with the national character set.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `REAL`(precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._FloatType`, `sqlalchemy.types.REAL`

  MySQL REAL type.

  `__init__`(precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw)

    Construct a REAL.

    Parameters: | precision – Total digits in this number. If scale and precision are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server. scale – The number of digits after the decimal point. unsigned – a boolean, optional. zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `SET`(*values, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._StringType`

  MySQL SET type.

  `__init__`(*values, **kw)

    Construct a SET.

    Example:

        Column('myset', MSSet("'foo'", "'bar'", "'baz'"))

    Parameters: | values – The range of valid values for this SET. Values will be used exactly as they appear when generating schemas. Strings must be quoted, as in the example above. Single-quotes are suggested for ANSI compatibility and are required for portability to servers with ANSI_QUOTES enabled. charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand. collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand. ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema. unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema. binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `SMALLINT`(display_width=None, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._IntegerType`, `sqlalchemy.types.SMALLINT`

  MySQL SMALLINTEGER type.

  `__init__`(display_width=None, **kw)

    Construct a SMALLINTEGER.

    Parameters: | display_width – Optional, maximum display width for this number. unsigned – a boolean, optional. zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `TEXT`(length=None, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._StringType`, `sqlalchemy.types.TEXT`

  MySQL TEXT type, for text up to 2^16 characters.

  `__init__`(length=None, **kw)

    Construct a TEXT.

    Parameters: | length – Optional, if provided the server may optimize storage by substituting the smallest TEXT type sufficient to store `length` characters. charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand. collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand. ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema. unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema. national – Optional. If true, use the server’s configured national character set. binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `TIME`(timezone=False)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types.Time`

  The SQL TIME type.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `TIMESTAMP`(timezone=False)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types.TIMESTAMP`

  MySQL TIMESTAMP type.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `TINYBLOB`(length=None)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types._Binary`

  MySQL TINYBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^8 bytes.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `TINYINT`(display_width=None, **kw)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._IntegerType`

  MySQL TINYINT type.

  `__init__`(display_width=None, **kw)

    Construct a TINYINT.

    Note: following the usual MySQL conventions, TINYINT(1) columns reflected during Table(..., autoload=True) are treated as Boolean columns.

    Parameters: | display_width – Optional, maximum display width for this number. unsigned – a boolean, optional. zerofill – Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be numeric.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `TINYTEXT`(**kwargs)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._StringType`

  MySQL TINYTEXT type, for text up to 2^8 characters.

  `__init__`(**kwargs)

    Construct a TINYTEXT.

    Parameters: | charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand. collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand. ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema. unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema. national – Optional. If true, use the server’s configured national character set. binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `VARBINARY`(length=None)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types._Binary`

  The SQL VARBINARY type.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `VARCHAR`(length=None, **kwargs)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.base._StringType`, `sqlalchemy.types.VARCHAR`

  MySQL VARCHAR type, for variable-length character data.

  `__init__`(length=None, **kwargs)

    Construct a VARCHAR.

    Parameters: | charset – Optional, a column-level character set for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘ascii’ or ‘unicode’ short-hand. collation – Optional, a column-level collation for this string value. Takes precedence to ‘binary’ short-hand. ascii – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `latin1` character set, generates ASCII in schema. unicode – Defaults to False: short-hand for the `ucs2` character set, generates UNICODE in schema. national – Optional. If true, use the server’s configured national character set. binary – Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary collation type that matches the column’s character set. Generates BINARY in schema. This does not affect the type of data stored, only the collation of character data.

class `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.` `YEAR`(display_width=None)

  Bases: `sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`

  MySQL YEAR type, for single byte storage of years 1901-2155.

## MySQL-Python Notes

Support for the MySQL database via the MySQL-python adapter.

MySQL-Python is available at:

> http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python

At least version 1.2.1 or 1.2.2 should be used.

### Connecting

Connect string format:

    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

### Character Sets

Many MySQL server installations default to a `latin1` encoding for client connections. All data sent through the connection will be converted into `latin1`, even if you have `utf8` or another character set on your tables and columns. With versions 4.1 and higher, you can change the connection character set either through server configuration or by including the `charset` parameter in the URL used for `create_engine`. The `charset` option is passed through to MySQL-Python and has the side-effect of also enabling `use_unicode` in the driver by default. For regular encoded strings, also pass `use_unicode=0` in the connection arguments:

    # set client encoding to utf8; all strings come back as unicode
    create_engine('mysql+mysqldb:///mydb?charset=utf8')

    # set client encoding to utf8; all strings come back as utf8 str
    create_engine('mysql+mysqldb:///mydb?charset=utf8&use_unicode=0')

### Known Issues

MySQL-python version 1.2.2 has a serious memory leak related to unicode conversion, a feature which is disabled via `use_unicode=0`. Using a more recent version of MySQL-python is recommended. The recommended connection form with SQLAlchemy is:

    engine = create_engine('mysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8&use_unicode=0', pool_recycle=3600)

## OurSQL Notes

Support for the MySQL database via the oursql adapter.

OurSQL is available at:

> http://packages.python.org/oursql/

### Connecting

Connect string format:

    mysql+oursql://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

### Character Sets

oursql defaults to using `utf8` as the connection charset, but other encodings may be used instead. Like the MySQL-Python driver, unicode support can be completely disabled:

    # oursql sets the connection charset to utf8 automatically; all strings come
    # back as utf8 str
    create_engine('mysql+oursql:///mydb?use_unicode=0')

To not automatically use `utf8` and instead use whatever the connection defaults to, there is a separate parameter:

    # use the default connection charset; all strings come back as unicode
    create_engine('mysql+oursql:///mydb?default_charset=1')

    # use latin1 as the connection charset; all strings come back as unicode
    create_engine('mysql+oursql:///mydb?charset=latin1')

## pymysql Notes

Support for the MySQL database via the pymysql adapter.

pymysql is available at:

> http://code.google.com/p/pymysql/

### Connecting

Connect string:

    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]

### MySQL-Python Compatibility

The pymysql DBAPI is a pure Python port of the MySQL-python (MySQLdb) driver, and targets 100% compatibility. Most behavioral notes for MySQL-python apply to the pymysql driver as well.

## MySQL-Connector Notes

Support for the MySQL database via the MySQL Connector/Python adapter.

MySQL Connector/Python is available at:

> https://launchpad.net/myconnpy

### Connecting

Connect string format:

    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

## pyodbc Notes

Support for the MySQL database via the pyodbc adapter.

pyodbc is available at:

> http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyodbc/

### Connecting

Connect string:

    mysql+pyodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>

### Limitations

The mysql-pyodbc dialect is subject to unresolved character encoding issues which exist within the current ODBC drivers available. (see http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/issues/detail?id=25). Consider usage of OurSQL, MySQLdb, or MySQL-connector/Python.

## zxjdbc Notes

Support for the MySQL database via Jython’s zxjdbc JDBC connector.

### JDBC Driver

The official MySQL JDBC driver is at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/j/.

### Connecting

Connect string format:

> mysql+zxjdbc://<user>:<password>@<hostname>[:<port>]/<database>

### Character Sets

SQLAlchemy zxjdbc dialects pass unicode straight through to the zxjdbc/JDBC layer. To allow multiple character sets to be sent from the MySQL Connector/J JDBC driver, by default SQLAlchemy sets its `characterEncoding` connection property to `UTF-8`. It may be overriden via a `create_engine` URL parameter.