PostgreSQL 8.2.6 Documentation
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# 21.2. Character Set Support

The character set support in PostgreSQL allows you to store text in a variety of character sets, including single-byte character sets such as the ISO 8859 series and multiple-byte character sets such as EUC (Extended Unix Code), UTF-8, and Mule internal code. All supported character sets can be used transparently by clients, but a few are not supported for use within the server (that is, as a server-side encoding). The default character set is selected while initializing your PostgreSQL database cluster using `initdb`. It can be overridden when you create a database, so you can have multiple databases each with a different character set.

## 21.2.1. Supported Character Sets

Table 21-1 shows the character sets available for use in PostgreSQL.

Table 21-1. PostgreSQL Character Sets

Name | Description | Language | Server? | Bytes/Char | Aliases
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
`BIG5` | Big Five | Traditional Chinese | No | 1-2 | `WIN950`, `Windows950`
`EUC_CN` | Extended UNIX Code-CN | Simplified Chinese | Yes | 1-3 |
`EUC_JP` | Extended UNIX Code-JP | Japanese | Yes | 1-3 |
`EUC_KR` | Extended UNIX Code-KR | Korean | Yes | 1-3 |
`EUC_TW` | Extended UNIX Code-TW | Traditional Chinese, Taiwanese | Yes | 1-3 |
`GB18030` | National Standard | Chinese | No | 1-2 |
`GBK` | Extended National Standard | Simplified Chinese | No | 1-2 | `WIN936`, `Windows936`
`ISO_8859_5` | ISO 8859-5, ECMA 113 | Latin/Cyrillic | Yes | 1 |
`ISO_8859_6` | ISO 8859-6, ECMA 114 | Latin/Arabic | Yes | 1 |
`ISO_8859_7` | ISO 8859-7, ECMA 118 | Latin/Greek | Yes | 1 |
`ISO_8859_8` | ISO 8859-8, ECMA 121 | Latin/Hebrew | Yes | 1 |
`JOHAB` | JOHAB | Korean (Hangul) | Yes | 1-3 |
`KOI8` | KOI8-R(U) | Cyrillic | Yes | 1 | `KOI8R`
`LATIN1` | ISO 8859-1, ECMA 94 | Western European | Yes | 1 | `ISO88591`
`LATIN2` | ISO 8859-2, ECMA 94 | Central European | Yes | 1 | `ISO88592`
`LATIN3` | ISO 8859-3, ECMA 94 | South European | Yes | 1 | `ISO88593`
`LATIN4` | ISO 8859-4, ECMA 94 | North European | Yes | 1 | `ISO88594`
`LATIN5` | ISO 8859-9, ECMA 128 | Turkish | Yes | 1 | `ISO88599`
`LATIN6` | ISO 8859-10, ECMA 144 | Nordic | Yes | 1 | `ISO885910`
`LATIN7` | ISO 8859-13 | Baltic | Yes | 1 | `ISO885913`
`LATIN8` | ISO 8859-14 | Celtic | Yes | 1 | `ISO885914`
`LATIN9` | ISO 8859-15 | LATIN1 with Euro and accents | Yes | 1 | ISO885915
`LATIN10` | ISO 8859-16, ASRO SR 14111 | Romanian | Yes | 1 | `ISO885916`
`MULE_INTERNAL` | Mule internal code | Multilingual Emacs | Yes | 1-4 |
`SJIS` | Shift JIS | Japanese | No | 1-2 | `Mskanji`, `ShiftJIS`, `WIN932`, `Windows932`
`SQL_ASCII` | unspecified (see text) | any | Yes | 1 |
`UHC` | Unified Hangul Code | Korean | No | 1-2 | `WIN949`, `Windows949`
`UTF8` | Unicode, 8-bit | all | Yes | 1-4 | `Unicode`
`WIN866` | Windows CP866 | Cyrillic | Yes | 1 | `ALT`
`WIN874` | Windows CP874 | Thai | Yes | 1 |
`WIN1250` | Windows CP1250 | Central European | Yes | 1 |
`WIN1251` | Windows CP1251 | Cyrillic | Yes | 1 | `WIN`
`WIN1252` | Windows CP1252 | Western European | Yes | 1 |
`WIN1253` | Windows CP1253 | Greek | Yes | 1 |
`WIN1254` | Windows CP1254 | Turkish | Yes | 1 |
`WIN1255` | Windows CP1255 | Hebrew | Yes | 1 |
`WIN1256` | Windows CP1256 | Arabic | Yes | 1 |
`WIN1257` | Windows CP1257 | Baltic | Yes | 1 |
`WIN1258` | Windows CP1258 | Vietnamese | Yes | 1 | `ABC`, `TCVN`, `TCVN5712`, `VSCII`

Not all APIs support all the listed character sets. For example, the PostgreSQL JDBC driver does not support `MULE_INTERNAL`, `LATIN6`, `LATIN8`, and `LATIN10`.

The `SQL_ASCII` setting behaves considerably differently from the other settings. When the server character set is `SQL_ASCII`, the server interprets byte values 0-127 according to the ASCII standard, while byte values 128-255 are taken as uninterpreted characters. No encoding conversion will be done when the setting is `SQL_ASCII`. Thus, this setting is not so much a declaration that a specific encoding is in use, as a declaration of ignorance about the encoding. In most cases, if you are working with any non-ASCII data, it is unwise to use the `SQL_ASCII` setting, because PostgreSQL will be unable to help you by converting or validating non-ASCII characters.

## 21.2.2. Setting the Character Set

`initdb` defines the default character set for a PostgreSQL cluster. For example,

    initdb -E EUC_JP

sets the default character set (encoding) to `EUC_JP` (Extended Unix Code for Japanese). You can use `--encoding` instead of `-E` if you prefer to type longer option strings. If no `-E` or `--encoding` option is given, `initdb` attempts to determine the appropriate encoding to use based on the specified or default locale.

You can create a database with a different character set:

    createdb -E EUC_KR korean

This will create a database named `korean` that uses the character set `EUC_KR`. Another way to accomplish this is to use this SQL command:

    CREATE DATABASE korean WITH ENCODING 'EUC_KR';

The encoding for a database is stored in the system catalog `pg_database`. You can see that by using the `-l` option or the `\l` command of `psql`.

    $ psql -l
                List of databases
       Database    |  Owner  |   Encoding
    ---------------+---------+---------------
     euc_cn        | t-ishii | EUC_CN
     euc_jp        | t-ishii | EUC_JP
     euc_kr        | t-ishii | EUC_KR
     euc_tw        | t-ishii | EUC_TW
     mule_internal | t-ishii | MULE_INTERNAL
     postgres      | t-ishii | EUC_JP
     regression    | t-ishii | SQL_ASCII
     template1     | t-ishii | EUC_JP
     test          | t-ishii | EUC_JP
     utf8          | t-ishii | UTF8
    (9 rows)

> Important: Although you can specify any encoding you want for a database, it is unwise to choose an encoding that is not what is expected by the locale you have selected. The `LC_COLLATE` and `LC_CTYPE` settings imply a particular encoding, and locale-dependent operations (such as sorting) are likely to misinterpret data that is in an incompatible encoding.

> Since these locale settings are frozen by `initdb`, the apparent flexibility to use different encodings in different databases of a cluster is more theoretical than real. It is likely that these mechanisms will be revisited in future versions of PostgreSQL.

> One way to use multiple encodings safely is to set the locale to `C` or `POSIX` during `initdb`, thus disabling any real locale awareness.

## 21.2.3. Automatic Character Set Conversion Between Server and Client

PostgreSQL supports automatic character set conversion between server and client for certain character set combinations. The conversion information is stored in the `pg_conversion` system catalog. PostgreSQL comes with some predefined conversions, as shown in Table 21-2. You can create a new conversion using the SQL command `CREATE CONVERSION`.

Table 21-2. Client/Server Character Set Conversions

Server Character Set | Available Client Character Sets
--- | ---
`BIG5` | not supported as a server encoding
`EUC_CN` | EUC_CN, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`
`EUC_JP` | EUC_JP, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `SJIS`, `UTF8`
`EUC_KR` | EUC_KR, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`
`EUC_TW` | EUC_TW, `BIG5`, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`
`GB18030` | not supported as a server encoding
`GBK` | not supported as a server encoding
`ISO_8859_5` | ISO_8859_5, `KOI8`, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`, `WIN866`, `WIN1251`
`ISO_8859_6` | ISO_8859_6, `UTF8`
`ISO_8859_7` | ISO_8859_7, `UTF8`
`ISO_8859_8` | ISO_8859_8, `UTF8`
`JOHAB` | JOHAB, `UTF8`
`KOI8` | KOI8, `ISO_8859_5`, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`, `WIN866`, `WIN1251`
`LATIN1` | LATIN1, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`
`LATIN2` | LATIN2, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`, `WIN1250`
`LATIN3` | LATIN3, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`
`LATIN4` | LATIN4, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`
`LATIN5` | LATIN5, `UTF8`
`LATIN6` | LATIN6, `UTF8`
`LATIN7` | LATIN7, `UTF8`
`LATIN8` | LATIN8, `UTF8`
`LATIN9` | LATIN9, `UTF8`
`LATIN10` | LATIN10, `UTF8`
`MULE_INTERNAL` | MULE_INTERNAL, `BIG5`, `EUC_CN`, `EUC_JP`, `EUC_KR`, `EUC_TW`, `ISO_8859_5`, `KOI8`, `LATIN1` to `LATIN4`, `SJIS`, `WIN866`, `WIN1250`, `WIN1251`
`SJIS` | not supported as a server encoding
`SQL_ASCII` | any (no conversion will be performed)
`UHC` | not supported as a server encoding
`UTF8` | all supported encodings
`WIN866` | WIN866, `ISO_8859_5`, `KOI8`, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`, `WIN1251`
`WIN874` | WIN874, `UTF8`
`WIN1250` | WIN1250, `LATIN2`, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`
`WIN1251` | WIN1251, `ISO_8859_5`, `KOI8`, `MULE_INTERNAL`, `UTF8`, `WIN866`
`WIN1252` | WIN1252, `UTF8`
`WIN1253` | WIN1253, `UTF8`
`WIN1254` | WIN1254, `UTF8`
`WIN1255` | WIN1255, `UTF8`
`WIN1256` | WIN1256, `UTF8`
`WIN1257` | WIN1257, `UTF8`
`WIN1258` | WIN1258, `UTF8`

To enable automatic character set conversion, you have to tell PostgreSQL the character set (encoding) you would like to use in the client. There are several ways to accomplish this:

- Using the `\encoding` command in psql. `\encoding` allows you to change client encoding on the fly. For example, to change the encoding to `SJIS`, type:

      \encoding SJIS

- Using libpq functions. `\encoding` actually calls `PQsetClientEncoding()` for its purpose.

      int PQsetClientEncoding(PGconn *conn, const char *encoding);

  where `conn` is a connection to the server, and `encoding` is the encoding you want to use. If the function successfully sets the encoding, it returns 0, otherwise -1. The current encoding for this connection can be determined by using:

      int PQclientEncoding(const PGconn *conn);

  Note that it returns the encoding ID, not a symbolic string such as `EUC_JP`. To convert an encoding ID to an encoding name, you can use:

      char *pg_encoding_to_char(int encoding_id);

- Using `SET client_encoding TO`. Setting the client encoding can be done with this SQL command:

      SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'value';

  Also you can use the standard SQL syntax `SET NAMES` for this purpose:

      SET NAMES 'value';

  To query the current client encoding:

      SHOW client_encoding;

  To return to the default encoding:

      RESET client_encoding;

- Using `PGCLIENTENCODING`. If the environment variable `PGCLIENTENCODING` is defined in the client's environment, that client encoding is automatically selected when a connection to the server is made. (This can subsequently be overridden using any of the other methods mentioned above.)

- Using the configuration variable client_encoding. If the `client_encoding` variable is set, that client encoding is automatically selected when a connection to the server is made. (This can subsequently be overridden using any of the other methods mentioned above.)

If the conversion of a particular character is not possible — suppose you chose `EUC_JP` for the server and `LATIN1` for the client, then some Japanese characters do not have a representation in `LATIN1` — then an error is reported.

If the client character set is defined as `SQL_ASCII`, encoding conversion is disabled, regardless of the server's character set. Just as for the server, use of `SQL_ASCII` is unwise unless you are working with all-ASCII data.

## 21.2.4. Further Reading

These are good sources to start learning about various kinds of encoding systems.

http://www.i18ngurus.com/docs/984813247.html

  An extensive collection of documents about character sets, encodings, and code pages.

ftp://ftp.ora.com/pub/examples/nutshell/ujip/doc/cjk.inf

  Detailed explanations of `EUC_JP`, `EUC_CN`, `EUC_KR`, `EUC_TW` appear in section 3.2.

http://www.unicode.org/

  The web site of the Unicode Consortium

RFC 2044

  UTF-8 is defined here.

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