# git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page

## NAME

git-commit-tree - Create a new commit object

## SYNOPSIS

git-commit-tree <tree> [-p <parent commit>]* < changelog

## DESCRIPTION

This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See git-commit(1) instead.

Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and emits the new commit object id on stdout. If no parent is given then it is considered to be an initial tree.

A commit object usually has 1 parent (a commit after a change) or up to 16 parents. More than one parent represents a merge of branches that led to them.

While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how to get there.

Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while git doesn't care where you save the note about that state, in practice we tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by `.git/HEAD`, so that we can always see what the last committed state was.

## OPTIONS

<tree>

  An existing tree object

-p <parent commit>

  Each -p indicates the id of a parent commit object.

## Commit Information

A commit encapsulates:

- all parent object ids

- author name, email and date

- committer name and email and the commit time.

While parent object ids are provided on the command line, author and committer information is taken from the following environment variables, if set:

    GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
    GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
    GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
    GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
    GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
    GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
    EMAIL

(nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped)

In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not present, system user name and fully qualified hostname.

A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog entry is not provided via "<" redirection, "git-commit-tree" will just wait for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.

## Diagnostics

You don't exist. Go away!

  The passwd(5) gecos field couldn't be read

Your parents must have hated you!

  The password(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer.

Your sysadmin must hate you!

  The password(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer.

## Discussion

At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.

- The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding translation.

- The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequence of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.

- The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequence of non-NUL bytes.

Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in mind.

1. `git-commit-tree` (hence, `git-commit` which uses it) issues a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in `.git/config` file, like this:

       [i18n]
               commitencoding = ISO-8859-1

   Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of `i18n.commitencoding` in its `encoding` header. This is to help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.

2. `git-log`, `git-show` and friends looks at the `encoding` header of a commit object, and tries to re-code the log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired output encoding with `i18n.logoutputencoding` in `.git/config` file, like this:

       [i18n]
               logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1

   If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of `i18n.commitencoding` is used instead.

Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.

## See Also

git-write-tree(1)

## Author

Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

## Documentation

Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.

## GIT

Part of the git(7) suite